雅思小作文，应该如何系统的准备？

　　雅思小作文，应该如何系统的准备？虽然雅思写作小作文只占到评分时总分的1/3，但这个部分绝对是你在整个雅思考试中适合考前临时突击的一门了。那雅思小作文，应该如何系统的准备呢？本文中，朗阁海外考试中心的老师会从这样三个部分带大家逐一揭开小作文神秘的面纱：1. 需要准备的材料有哪些？2. 要积累些什么？ 3. 从“背”到“用”有多远？（practice makes perfect）

　　1. 需要准备的材料有哪些？

　　其实，和雅思写作小作文相关的材料有很多，别只取一瓢饮。此处，朗阁海外考试中心的老师推荐这样几个材料，并附上我的建议。第一个可用的当然是剑桥系列真题了，截至目前为止可用的Cambridge 4 – Cambridge 14， 11本书，每本书4个test， 所以总共44道题，已经够考生练习很长时间了。而且真正的官方同源，经典真题回顾而且会配有不同分数的范文（包含good answer和5.5的分数相对低一点的范文）还是很值得考生们研究探讨的。第二个可以使用的材料推荐Simon的task 1系列题。这个材料的优势在于：1. Simon系雅思前考官，所以给出的题还是很带感，“猛料”十足的。2. 所配范文基本是9分范文，所以对于提优的烤鸭们来讲，一定是不可多得的好材料。第三个可以使用的材料推荐朗阁内部教材《最新雅思写作高分范文书》，优势在于紧追新题，跟在考题库还是有很多重合的；同时，也是包含了高分范文供烤鸭们参考。

　　2. 要积累些什么？

　　文章开头就说到，雅思小作文是可以考前临门一脚进行突击的，那么这样的临门一脚到底在哪儿呢？小作文中的用词和常见句式相对来说，可以进行定向准备，这就说到本则小标题说到的二字：积累。那积累的话，要积累些什么东西呢？定向积累一定是最高效的方法。此处，朗阁海外考试中心的老师会从小作文常考的三大形式带大家来揭秘一下，我们到底要积累一些什么，那就是：动态图，静态图和图画类。

　　a.动态图

　　动态类图的出现形式最为多样，有线图、柱图、饼图、表格，图形通常旨在表达某个或者某些数据随着时间是如何发生动态的变化。所以，此类图形重点抓一句话就可以了，那就是动态看趋势。所以此类图形中要背的内容通常围绕着趋势的变化：例如上升、下降、持平、波动。所以，无论是词还是句型，都围绕着趋势变化来进行。

　　简单说来，背的内容可以分为两个层面，词 & 句。

　　基础词汇：

　　上升下降

　　缓慢climbSlide, dip

　　一般Increase, grow, rise, gain, escalate （匀速上升）Decrease, decline, fall, drop, shrink

　　快速Soar up, surge up, mount upPlummet, plunge

　　值得注意的是，以上的词如果本身就包含速度的快慢（例如climb），无需另加修饰词进行修饰。但是如果本身是一般的上升或者下降的话，需要表达快速上升或者缓慢上升时，需要另加修饰词进行修饰。例如，

　　缓慢地，小幅度地

　　Slowly, slightly, moderately, marginally, modestly, gently

　　快速地，大幅度地

　　Noticeably, notably, violently

　　Markedly, significantly, considerably

　　有时也会遇到极值，那么

　　极大值：Reach the top/peak/apex/summit at… in 年份（此处peak为名词）Peak at  (此处peak为动词)

　　Get to/arrive at/Increase to the peak

　　极小值：Fall into the bottom at

　　Hit the bottom at

　　Reach the nadir at …

　　其他可能会用到的表达还有：

　　反弹Recover soon ; With a recovery soon;Rebound

　　Climb back/rise back/soar back

　　回落Fall back/drop back/roll back

　　With a rollback, the number presented …

　　持续上升Continue to rise up ;Experience a continuous/consecutive growth

　　波动着上升

　　… Maintain/present an upward trend, with/despite several violent/gentle fluctuations over the period. 剧烈的波动/些微的波动

　　Experience a fluctuating increase/decline

　　持平Maintain the same at

　　Maintain stable at

　　Stabilise at; reach the plateau at; level out at/level off at

　　有了词之后，就可以考虑句子的写作了。此处，朗阁海外考试中心的老师分两个难度等级带大家一起探讨。

　　基础句型：

　　前面说到了动态图主要围绕的就是上升、下降、持平和波动，那么基本句型也就是跟这个相关。以常见话题中的表达为例：英国有车的家庭的百分比在…到…年间大幅上升。在表达时，会有不同的表达方式：

　　◇V+ adv的形式

　　The percentage of British families with cars increased significantly +时间.

　　◇V-ing的形式

　　More and more British families …

　　An increasing/climbing/soaring number/percentage of British households had/owned their own cars.

　　British households in a mounting number/percentage owned their own cars.

　　◇A+adj+n的形式

　　可以搭配There be句型

　　There was a sharp rise in the car ownership among British families.

　　可以搭配Experience/show/present

　　The percentage of British families with cars experienced a marked growth +时间

　　Experienced/showed/presented

　　可以搭配See/witness/eye

　　The first/next two decades witnessed a violent growth in the car ownership.

　　Britain witnessed a sharp rise in the percentage of its families with cars over the 20 years between 1960 and 1980.

　　A sharp growth could be seen in the number of sth.

　　A sharp growth was depicted/described in the number of sth.

　　当你掌握了以上句型，并且在写作时能够尽量多地加以运用时，小作文6分已经基本有了。但是，不知道你会不会发现这样一个问题，就是其中的the percentage of sth.的出现仍然是非常频繁的。此时，烤鸭们可以采用的方法有：尝试改变主语，或者通过横向合并或者纵向合并来避免the percentage of sth.的使用。这也就是接下来跟大家分享的一系列高分句型。

　　高分句型：

　　所谓高分句型，不仅很好地避免了上文中提到的the percentage of sth的过多使用，而且加入了各种语法结构的使用，也正好符合了评分标准中的grammar accuracy and range。高分句型给大家一些例子，以供参考。

　　1.The number of A stood at … initially. With a sudden decline to … in 1980, the number climbed back soon and continued to rise up to (a record high at) … finally, which was slightly/considerably higher than it was in the year of …/which was almost four times as much as it was in 年份

　　2.A V-shaped change/growth was depicted/described in the number of A, beginning at …, hitting the bottom at … in 年份 and ending at …

　　3.The number of A stood at … initially, which presented a V-shaped growth/change in the next 20 years, with its nadir hitting … in 1985.

　　4.An inverse-V-shaped change was depicted in the number of A, beginning at …, peaking at … in 年份 and ending at …

　　5.The number of A stood at … in 1960, which presented/showed an inverse-V-shaped growth/change to … in 1980, with its peak reaching a new high at … in 1970.

　　6.A sharp growth could be witnessed in the number of A, from . Initially to … finally. Compared with the rise in the first decade, that in the late was more/less significant.

　　7.The number of A increased considerably from …in the first 10 years, reaching the plateau at … for the next period.

　　8.The number of A increased/declined sharply from …in the first period, (before) stabilizing at … for the next five years.

　　The number A experienced a marked decline from … to …, levelling out/off at … for the next few years.

　　Stabilizing at .. for the first five years, the number then presented a downward trend in the next decades, declining from … to …

　　9.The number of A experienced a marked growth in the decades, despite/with several violent/gentle fluctuations over the period.

　　The number of A presented a fluctuating growth/decline throughout the 20 years, from … initially to … finally.

　　10.There was a gradual decline in the number of A, from … initially to … in the end. Although the number of B stood at a lower point, it grew gradually and exceeded/surpassed that of A in the year of 年份. After that/from this point onwards, …

　　Etc.

　　b.静态图

　　静态图并不会出现时间的推移，旨在考察同一年份（有时也不出现年份，则默认是常态，用一般现在时表达就好）相似事物之间的比较。此类题目，失去了“时间”之后，自然无法以趋势变化为主线，但你会获取其他的维度，有可能是男女性别，有可能是年龄群组，有可能是不同的农作物。其实只要抓好主线，而另一个维度作为辅助，去比较数值的高低就可以了。要背的词通常是：

　　主要部分 the majority/the main part/the major part/The dominant part/The principal part

　　次要部分 the minority/the minor part

　　其余部分 the remainder/The remaining (part)/The rest (part)

　　占据 take up, make up, constitute, comprise, represent, occupy, account for, With the percentage/share/proportion/constitution of …

　　数据的处理-加副词修饰

　　大约大概 approximately, about, around

　　超过，多于 beyond, more than

　　将近，低于 almost, nearly, less than

　　高达 as much as

　　低至 as little as

　　数据的处理-数字的本身的转变

　　小数字分数化，大数字模糊化

　　例如靠近1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 3/4的数字可以转换成A quarter/One third/Half/Two-thirds/Three quarters这样的表达来展现多样性。例如72%可以表达成 almost three quarters，49% 可以表达成slightly less than half，而1,234,567,890可以表达成more than 1.2 billion

　　在…方面In term of /with respect to /as for /regarding sth /concerning sth

　　数值之间比大小或者比倍数

　　… which was considerably higher than that of …

　　… which was slightly lower than that of …

　　… which was three times as much as it was in 年份

　　… rank the top/Rank first /Rank in the first place

　　…, followed by …

　　Next come(s) ….

　　Next comes b which was slightly higher than c

　　c.图画类

　　图画类的题型主要为两种类型，流程图和地图。考生们在准备时仍然要抓住核心：例如流程图主要是以工业流程为主，那么烤鸭们在储备时主要背的就是工业流程的一些动作和连接词；例如地图主要考察历史变迁类的图形，所以烤鸭们在积累时主要背的就是方位和变迁相关的一些表达。

　　详细来看，流程图要背的内容：

　　连接词：

　　firstly/initially, secondly, finally/eventually

　　At first, …

　　To begin/start with, …

　　The process begins with …(np. /doing)

　　In the first stage/step/phase, …

　　In the second stage,….

　　In the next step,

　　In the following stage,

　　In the stage followed,

　　Following this, …

　　Sth be done, followed by n/np

　　Before, after, then

　　Sth. be done(a) and then done(b)

　　After being done, sth be done

　　Sth be done. After that, …

　　Sth be done, after which…

　　From this point onwards, 自此之后

　　Afterwards,

　　Since then,

　　When…

　　Sth. be done, waiting to be done/waiting for sth.

　　Sth be done, ready to be done/ready for sth.

　　The second step takes place in …., where sth be done

　　Etc.

　　表示工业流程相关的词：

　　1)运输，配送 be transported/conveyed/delivered/shipped/sent/

　　分配 distribute allocate dispatch

　　Conveyor belt

　　2)分类，分组 be classified/sorted/divided/categorized into …

　　Catergory

　　按照颜色分成三个小组 be sorted into three categories by colour

　　3)加入(如果是solid) be put/added/introduced in

　　Be put into sp.

　　Newly-introduced material

　　4)倒入，倾倒 (如果是liquid) be poured in

　　Be poured into sp.

　　5)加热 be heated up

　　6)冷却 be cooled down

　　7)转变为 be transformed/converted into

　　8)释放（气体）release；emit out （V）

　　Emission release (N)

　　Etc.

　　而地图要背的内容围绕以方位表达和改建表达，所以烤鸭们要背的：

　　方位表达：

　　in the east/on the east of/to the east of

　　At the crossroads/intersection

　　in the northeast of

　　In the northeastern part of

　　at the northeast corner of

　　in the middle (of ..)

　　At the halfway between a and b

　　At the centre

　　In the central area

　　not far from …

　　Be close to a

　　By the side of a

　　Beside a

　　next to a

　　along the roadside

　　Along the riverside

　　at the south end of the road/river

　　at the downstream of the river

　　At the lower end of the river

　　at the upper end of the river

　　改建表达：

　　原先的 the original/previous

　　被…所取代 be replaced by

　　被改建为  be rebuilt into

　　Be reconstructed into

　　新建的桥  newly-built road/bridge

　　…的改变最为明显

　　Great changes could be seen in …

　　Earth-shaking changes could be witnessed/ eyed in …

　　The difference in… was most evident/ apparent/ conspicuous/ striking.

　　3. 从“背”到“用”有多远？（practice makes perfect）

　　有了这些积累之后，光是纸上谈兵仍然是不够的。我们还需要考虑如何把这些储备好的表达应用到考试题中去。此处，朗阁海外考试中心的老师仍然以几道经典真题来带大家看看，如何进行有效运用。

　　a.动态图

　　E.G. V20180210 （《最新雅思高分范文书》第四页原题）

　　The graphs below show the size of the ozone hole over Antarctica and the production of three ozone-damaging gases from 1980 to 2000.

　　Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

　　这道题虽然也是一个两个线图的组合题型，但是两个图的数据比较意义不大，考生们在写作时只要注意各自分析比较就OK。比较，会涉及到点与点之间的比较（例如，可以比大小，比倍数），也会涉及到线段与线段之间的比较（横向比较，纵向比较）。在图1中，主要涉及的是横向比较，而图2不仅有横向比较，也有纵向比较。且，考生们在写作第二幅图时，要注意线条之间的交点是否有意义。此处有两个交点，CFC-11和CFC-12之间的交点建议一定要写，而CFC-12和N2O之间的交点意义并不是太大，可写可不写。

　　以下为朗阁海外考试中心的老师给出的原创范文，供大家参考：

　　The two line charts illustrate the growth of ozone hole size as well as the amount of three ozone-jeopardizing gases produced over the two decades between 1980 and 2000.

　　Initially, the ozone hole size stood at its smallest point (approximately 400 thousand square kilometers), which presented an upward trend in the next decade and peaked at about 2,000 thousand square kilometers in 1990. With a slight drop later, the size climbed back soon and continued to soar up to as much as 3.6 million in the end, which was nine times as much as it was initially.

　　From the second graph, we can see that the productivity of CFC-11 maintained high at 70 million tonnes for the first three years, before declining sharply to less than 2 million tonnes finally. Although less CFC-12 was produced initially, its yield grew gradually and surpassed that of CFC-11 in the year of 1989. From this year onwards, CFC-12 maintained to behave as the dominant cause of ozone hole damaged. N2O, however, showed a slightly different picture. It did not appear until 1990, but its soaring production pushed it to become a newly-rising ozone-damaging gas when it entered the new century.

　　b.静态图

　　e.g. V20180728 (该题为2018年7月28日雅思小作文写作原题)

　　The bar chart below shows the percentage of boys and girls in Australia who participated in various sports activities in 2ooo.

　　Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

　　考生们在写作以上柱图时只有两种维度：一个是性别，一个是运动。所以考生们既可以以性别为主线，比较各运动参与度之间的差异性；也可以以运动为主线，比较男女在运动参与度上的参与度。两种写法均是可以接受的，烤鸭们可以选择自己倾向的方法进行写作，此处朗阁海外考试中心的老师给大家附上一篇原创范文以供大家参考。

　　The bar chart compares the distribution of boys and girls among six sports activities in 2000.

　　As for boys, football tended to be their first choice when participating sports activities, in that the participation rate of football stood at as much as 20%. Next came the proportion of boys taking part in cricket-playing which was slightly higher than that in table tennis and basketball games (approximately 11% respectively). This year, few boys would like to join in swimming or netball games, pushing their percentage to lying in a comparatively low level of less than 5%.

　　Compared with the distribution of boys, that of girls showed a strikingly different picture. Football that was greatly appreciated by boys gained the least prevalence among girls, while swimming and netball that boys seldom played were most popular activities for girls. The difference by gender was narrowed only in the sports of cricket and table tennis, each with the gap of as little as 1%.

　　c.图画类

　　图画类主要考察形式有两种：流程图和地图题。两者相较起来，地图的考察频率更高一些（过往3年均为6-7次）。此处，朗阁海外考试中心的老师以考察频率更高的地图为例，带大家看下如何分析成文。（经典真题）：

　　e.g.

　　The diagrams below show the development of Kelsbey village in the year of 1780, 1860 and 2000.

　　Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

　　考生们在写作这道题的时候，建议以时间顺序进行，也就是说1780年进行方位顺序的大致描述，其后1860年和2000年要和前一年进行比较，描述改建/差异性。值得注意的是，每个年份在写作时，注意方位顺序的一致性。

　　以下朗阁海外考试中心的老师给大家附上一篇原创范文：

　　The maps illustrate what changes took place in Kelsbey village over the 220 years between 1780 and 2000.

　　In 1780, at the northeast corner lay a residential zone with 100 homes. Not far from it, there were four pieces of farmland and a large expanse of woods. A small river ran from north to south.

　　The next eight decades witnessed the doubling of homes in the residence, while the amount of farmland and woods reduced to half. And in 1860, a newly-constructed road linking the residence to the river could be seen, a new bridge over the river as well.

　　140 years later, the number of homes presented a continuous growth to 500. However, the previous farmland and woods totally disappeared and were replaced by a newly-built road, at the south end of which two school campuses and three sports fields were equipped for people in locality to receive education and participate in sports activities. Moving westwards, you can see a row of shops launched recently along the riverside. And at the downstream, a stretch of wetland was planned for birds and it is the sole/lone area for vegetation.

　　相信各位烤鸭们把以上三点整明白（1. 需要准备的材料有哪些？2. 要积累些什么？ 3. 从“背”到“用”有多远？（practice makes perfect）），考场上小作文定能战无不胜，攻无不克。